addiction neuroscience
Alcohol Use Disorder: Integrative Treatment
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the most prevalent substance use disorder worldwide, affecting approximately 283 million people globally according to WHO estimates. It is also among the most biochemically destructive addictions, damaging virtually every organ system — liver, gut, brain, pancreas,...
Food Addiction and Metabolic Dysfunction
The concept of food addiction remains controversial in some academic circles, yet the neurobiological evidence has become increasingly difficult to dismiss. Ultra-processed foods — engineered combinations of sugar, fat, salt, and artificial additives — activate the brain's reward circuitry with...
Digital Addiction and the Nervous System
The average American checks their smartphone 144 times per day. Teenagers spend 7-9 hours daily on screens outside of school.
Functional Medicine Approach to Addiction
Conventional addiction treatment has historically focused on behavioral modification, psychotherapy, and pharmacological intervention targeting neurotransmitter systems directly. While these approaches have value, they often neglect the profound biochemical disruption that both underlies and...
Harm Reduction and Stages of Change
Harm reduction is perhaps the most misunderstood concept in addiction treatment. Its critics caricature it as "enabling" — giving people permission to continue harmful behavior.
The Neurobiological Basis of Addiction
Addiction is among the most misunderstood conditions in modern medicine. For decades, it was framed as a moral failing or a simple lack of willpower.
Trauma-Informed Addiction Recovery
The relationship between trauma and addiction is not correlational — it is causal, bidirectional, and deeply embedded in neurobiology. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) study, conducted by Vincent Felitti and Robert Anda with over 17,000 participants, demonstrated a dose-response...
Case Study: The Body That Kept the Score — PCOS, Insulin Resistance, and Childhood Emotional Neglect
Category: Case Studies | All Four Directions | Composite Clinical Case
The Neuroscience of Gratitude: How Appreciation Rewires the Brain's Threat Detection System
The human brain has a negativity bias. This is not a moral failing or a character flaw.
Advanced Meditation Creates a Different Brain: 7 Tesla fMRI Reveals What 10,000 Hours of Practice Builds
The question of whether meditation physically changes the brain was settled over a decade ago — it does. But the question of how meditation changes the brain at the level of expert practitioners — those with 10,000 to 62,000 lifetime hours of practice — remained largely unanswered, limited by...
Iboga and the Bwiti Tradition: The Root That Breaks Addiction and Opens the Door to the Ancestors
In the equatorial rainforests of Central Africa — Gabon, Cameroon, and the Republic of Congo — a small understory shrub with yellow flowers and orange fruit grows in the shade of the forest canopy. Tabernanthe iboga is not impressive to look at.
Complicated Grief and Prolonged Grief Disorder
Most bereaved individuals, despite the intensity of their suffering, gradually adapt to loss through a natural process of oscillation between grief and restoration. For approximately 7-10% of bereaved adults, however, grief becomes a chronic, debilitating condition that does not follow the...
Emotional Eating & Food Addiction: The Neuroscience & Functional Approach
A heroin addict and a binge eater sit in the same brain scanner. Nora Volkow at the National Institute on Drug Abuse slides the images side by side.
GLP-1 Agonists (Ozempic/Wegovy): Functional Medicine Support During Use
Semaglutide — marketed as Ozempic for diabetes, Wegovy for weight loss, and tirzepatide (Mounjaro/Zepbound) combining GLP-1 and GIP activity — has become the most consequential pharmaceutical development in obesity treatment in decades. The weight loss is real: 15-20% of body weight in clinical...
Obesity & Weight Resistance: The Functional Medicine Approach
The conventional weight loss paradigm is brutally simple: eat less, move more. Calories in, calories out.
IV Therapy Protocols in Functional Medicine
The gastrointestinal tract is a magnificent, tortuous obstacle course. Oral vitamin C achieves maybe 20% bioavailability — your enterocytes have saturable sodium-dependent transporters (SVCT1) that impose a hard ceiling.
Pharmacology & Medication
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Fecal Transplant and Personality Changes: The Most Direct Evidence That Gut Bacteria Shape Who You Are
Of all the evidence linking the gut microbiome to consciousness, the most unsettling comes from a procedure that most people find viscerally repulsive: fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) — the transfer of stool from a healthy donor into the gastrointestinal tract of a recipient.
Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating: Neurobiology, Treatment, and Cultural Context
Eating disorders are among the most lethal psychiatric conditions in existence. Anorexia nervosa carries the highest mortality rate of any mental illness — approximately 5-6 times the expected mortality rate for age-matched populations, with death resulting from cardiac complications, organ...
The Placebo Effect: Consciousness Creates Biology
The placebo effect is not a glitch in the medical matrix. It is the single most replicated finding in clinical medicine — and arguably the strongest empirical evidence that consciousness directly rewrites biological code.
Attachment Theory in Adult Relationships
Attachment theory, originally developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth to understand infant-caregiver bonds, has become one of the most empirically validated frameworks for understanding adult romantic relationships. The central insight is deceptively simple and profoundly consequential: the...
Sexual Health and Intimacy
Sexuality is among the most powerful forces in human experience — and among the most misunderstood, shamed, and inadequately addressed in healthcare. Sexual health, as defined by the World Health Organization, is "a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to...
Pair Bonding Neuroscience: How Prairie Voles Revealed That Love Is a Hardware Configuration
In the grasslands of the American Midwest, a small brown rodent the size of a tennis ball is living a life that would be unremarkable except for one thing: it is monogamous. In a world where fewer than 5% of mammalian species form lasting pair bonds, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) mates...
Oxytocin: The Consciousness Bridge Molecule That Defines Who Is "Us" and Who Is "Them"
There is a molecule in your brain right now that is silently shaping who you trust, who you love, who you fear, and where you draw the line between your tribe and the rest of humanity. It is nine amino acids long — a tiny peptide, smaller than the smallest protein.
Sexual Energy Transmutation: What Science Actually Says About Semen Retention, Brahmacharya, and Jing Conservation
There is a conversation happening in the quiet spaces between science and spirituality — in Taoist monasteries, in yogic ashrams, in online forums dedicated to "NoFap" and "semen retention," in the coaching practices of high-performance athletes — about whether sexual energy can be consciously...
Daily Spiritual Practice: A Framework for Living in Ceremony
There is a moment each morning — before the emails, before the news, before the world rushes in with its demands — when you are closest to the person you are becoming. A daily spiritual practice claims that moment.
Pesticides and Neurodegeneration: The Chemical Assault on Neural Consciousness
Here is an uncomfortable truth that should inform every conversation about pesticide safety: the three major classes of insecticides in widespread agricultural and residential use — organophosphates, organochlorines, and neonicotinoids — were all specifically designed to destroy nervous systems....
Processed Food and Brain Inflammation: The Standard American Diet as Consciousness Suppression
Consider this experiment: take a biological system exquisitely calibrated by three million years of evolution to run on wild game, fish, tubers, leafy greens, nuts, seeds, berries, and seasonal fruits — and replace that fuel supply with refined sugar, industrial seed oils, synthetic additives,...
Yama and Niyama: Ethical Practice as Nervous System Training
The first two limbs of Patanjali's ashtanga yoga — Yama (ethical restraints) and Niyama (personal observances) — are usually treated as moral philosophy, a preliminary checklist before the "real" yoga begins. This is a fundamental misunderstanding.